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Raman Scattering on Emerging Semiconductors and Oxides
Raman Scattering on Emerging Semiconductors and Oxides presents Raman scattering studies.It describes the key fundamental elements in applying Raman spectroscopies to various semiconductors and oxides without complicated and deep Raman theories. Across nine chapters, it covers:• SiC and IV-IV semiconductors,• III-GaN and nitride semiconductors,• III-V and II-VI semiconductors,• ZnO-based and GaO-based semiconducting oxides,• Graphene, ferroelectric oxides, and other emerging materials,• Wide-bandgap semiconductors of SiC, GaN, and ZnO, and• Ultra-wide gap semiconductors of AlN, Ga2O3, and graphene. Key achievements from the author and collaborators in the above fields are referred to and cited with typical Raman spectral graphs and analyses.Written for engineers, scientists, and academics, this comprehensive book will be fundamental for newcomers in Raman spectroscopy. Zhe Chuan Feng has had an impressive career spanning many years of important work in engineering and tech, including as a professor at the Graduate Institute of Photonics & Optoelectronics and Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei; establishing the Science Exploring Lab; joining Kennesaw State University as an adjunct professor, part-time; and at the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Southern Polytechnic College of Engineering and Engineering Technology.Currently, he is focusing on materials research for LED, III-nitrides, SiC, ZnO, other semiconductors/oxides, and nanostructures and has devoted time to materials research and growth of III-V and II-VI compounds, LED, III nitrides, SiC, ZnO, GaO, and other semiconductors/oxides. Professor Feng has also edited and published multiple review books in his field, alongside authoring scientific journal papers and conference/proceeding papers.He has organized symposiums and been an invited speaker at different international conferences and universities.He has also served as a guest editor for special journal issues.
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Applied Raman Spectroscopy : Concepts, Instrumentation, Chemometrics, and Life Science Applications
Applied Raman Spectroscopy: Concepts, Instrumentation, Chemometrics, and Life Science Applications synthesizes recent developments in the field, providing an updated overview.The book focuses on the modern concepts of Raman spectroscopy techniques, recent technological innovations, data analysis using chemometric methods, along with the latest examples of life science applications relevant in academia and industries.It will be beneficial to researchers from various branches of science and technology, and it will point them to modern techniques coupled with data analysis methods.In addition, it will help instruct new readers on Raman spectroscopy and hyphenated Raman spectroscopic techniques. The book is primarily written for analytical and physical chemistry students and researchers at a more advanced level who require a broad introductory overview of the applications of Raman spectroscopy, as well as those working in applied industry and clinical laboratories.Students, researchers, and industry workers in related fields, including X-ray and materials science, agriculture, botany, molecular biology and biotechnology, mineralogy, and environmental science will also find it very useful.
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Magneto-Optics and Spectroscopy of Antiferromagnets
Certain magnetic materials have optical properties that make them attractive for a wide variety of applications such as optical switches.This book describes the physics of one class of such magnetooptic materials, the insulating antiferromagnets.The authors summarize recent results concerning the structure, optical properties, spectroscopy, and magnetooptical properties of these materials.In particular, they consider magnetic phase transitions, symmetry effects, the linear magnetooptical effect, magnons, spectroscopic study of spin waves, photoinduced magnetic effects, and the effects of impurities.
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Nanotechnology in Electronics : Materials, Properties, Devices
Nanotechnology in Electronics Enables readers to understand and apply state-of-the-art concepts surrounding modern nanotechnology in electronics Nanotechnology in Electronics summarizes numerous research accomplishments in the field, covering novel materials for electronic applications (such as graphene, nanowires, and carbon nanotubes) and modern nanoelectronic devices (such as biosensors, optoelectronic devices, flexible electronics, nanoscale batteries, and nanogenerators) that are used in many different fields (such as sensor technology, energy generation, data storage and biomedicine). Edited by four highly qualified researchers and professionals in the field, other specific sample topics covered in Nanotechnology in Electronics include: Graphene-based nanoelectronics biosensors, including the history, properties, and fundamentals of graphene, plus fundamentals of graphene derivatives and the synthesis of graphene Zinc oxide piezoelectronic nanogenerators for low frequency applications, with an introduction to zinc oxide and zinc oxide piezoelectric nanogenerators Investigation of the hot junctionless mosfets, including an overview of the junctionless paradigm and a simulation framework of the hot carrier degradation Conductive nanomaterials for printed/flexible electronics application and metal oxide semiconductors for non-invasive diagnosis of breast cancer The fundamental aspects and applications of multiferroic-based spintronic devices and quartz tuning fork based nanosensors. Containing in-depth information on the topic and written intentionally to help with the practical application of concepts described within, Nanotechnology in Electronics is a must-have reference for materials scientists, electronics engineers, and engineering scientists who wish to understand and harness the state of the art in the field.
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What is the biserial correlation coefficient and the phi coefficient and the chi coefficient?
The biserial correlation coefficient is a measure of the strength and direction of the relationship between a continuous variable and a dichotomous variable. It is calculated when one variable is continuous and the other is dichotomous. The phi coefficient is a measure of association between two dichotomous variables. It is calculated using a 2x2 contingency table and ranges from -1 to 1, with 0 indicating no association and 1 indicating a perfect association. The chi coefficient is a measure of association between two dichotomous variables, similar to the phi coefficient. It is also calculated using a 2x2 contingency table and ranges from -1 to 1, with 0 indicating no association and 1 indicating a perfect association.
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Which correlation coefficient?
The correlation coefficient is a statistical measure that quantifies the strength and direction of a relationship between two variables. It ranges from -1 to 1, with -1 indicating a perfect negative correlation, 0 indicating no correlation, and 1 indicating a perfect positive correlation. The correlation coefficient is used to determine how closely the two variables are related and can help in making predictions or understanding the nature of the relationship between them.
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What is the Lusor coefficient?
The Lusor coefficient is a measure of the ability of a fluid to carry sediment. It is used in the field of sediment transport to quantify the sediment-carrying capacity of a fluid, such as water or air. The coefficient takes into account factors such as the size and density of the sediment particles, as well as the velocity and viscosity of the fluid. A higher Lusor coefficient indicates a greater ability of the fluid to transport sediment.
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What is the binomial coefficient?
The binomial coefficient, denoted as ${n \choose k}$, represents the number of ways to choose k elements from a set of n elements without regard to the order of selection. It is calculated using the formula ${n \choose k} = \frac{n!}{k!(n-k)!}$, where n! denotes the factorial of n. The binomial coefficient is commonly used in combinatorics and probability theory to calculate the number of combinations or possibilities in a given scenario.
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A Milliliter-Scale Setup for the Efficient Characterization of Multicomponent Vapor-Liquid Equilibria Using Raman Spectroscopy
Vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) data are of major importance for the chemical industry.Despite significant progress in predictive methods, experimental VLE data are still indispensable.In this work, we address the need for experimental VLE data.Commonly, the characterization of VLE requires significant experimental effort.To limit the experimental effort, VLE measurements are frequently conducted by synthetic methods which employ samples of known composition and avoid complex analytics and sampling issues.In contrast, analytical methods provide independent information on phase compositions, commonly based on sampling and large amounts of substance. In the first part of this work, we employ a synthetic method, the well-established Cailletet setup, to characterize the high pressure VLE of two promising binary biofuel blends.The Cailletet method serves as a state of the art reference method that enables collecting data of remarkable accuracy.However, extensive infrastructure is needed. In the second part, to avoid extensive infrastructure and overcome limitations of previous methods, we develop a novel analytical milliliter-scale setup for the noninvasive and efficient characterization of VLE: RAMSPEQU (Raman Spectroscopic Phase Equilibrium Characterization).The novel setup saves substance and rapidly characterizes VLE.Sampling and its associated errors are avoided by analyzing phase compositions using Raman spectroscopy.Thereby, volumes of less than 3 ml are sufficient for reliable phase equilibrium measurements.To enable rapid data generation and save substance, we design an integrated workow combining Raman signal calibration and VLE measurement.As a result, RAMSPEQU gives access to up to 15 pT xy-data sets per workday.RAMSPEQU is successfully validated against pure component and binary VLE data from literature. However, mixtures with only two components rarely depict real industrial applications.As the number of experiments increases strongly with a rising number of components, the efficient RAMSPEQU setup seems particularly suited for multicomponent systems.In the third part of this work, we employ the RAMSPEQU setup for the characterization of a quaternary system and its binary subsystems. 22 ml and 105 ml of the binary and quaternary mixtures are sufficient for an extensive VLE characterization. The RAMSPEQU setup and its integrated workow enable the characterization of multicomponent VLE while saving significant amounts of substance and laboratory time.
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Nanotechnology for Hydrogen Production and Storage : Nanostructured Materials and Interfaces
Nanotechnology for Hydrogen Production and Storage: Nanostructured Materials and Interfaces presents an evaluation of the various nano-based systems for hydrogen generation and storage.With a focus on challenges and recent developments, the book analyzes nanomaterials with the potential to boost hydrogen production and improve storage.It assesses the potential improvements to industrially important hydrogen production technologies by way of better surface-interface control through nanostructures of strategical composites of metal oxides, metal chalcogenides, plasmonic metals, conducting polymers, carbonaceous materials, and bio-interfaces with different types of algae and bacteria. In addition, the efficiency of various photochemical water splitting processes to generate renewable hydrogen energy are reviewed, with a focus on natural water splitting via photosynthesis, and the use of various metallic and non-metallic nanomaterials in anthropogenic/artificial water splitting processes is analyzed.Finally, the potential of nanomaterials in enhancing hydrogen generation in dark- and photo-fermentative organisms is explored, along with various nano-based systems for hydrogen generation and associated significant challenges and advances in biohydrogen research and development.
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Nanotechnology-Enhanced Solid Materials : Design, Synthesis, Properties, Applications, and Perspectives
This new volume highlights the emergence and rapid development of nanotechnology-enhanced solid materials and the ways they have impacted almost every aspect of nanoengineering.The chapters explore the role of nanomaterials in industries in diverse applications, such as for insulation and reinforcement of composite materials.The book focuses on the design, synthesis, and properties of solid materials, presenting updated, practical, and systematic knowledge on the modification of nanomaterials.The topics include photovoltaic applications of solid carbons, mesoporous silica nanomaterials, smart biopolymer composites and polymer solids, graphene oxide as an emerging solid-based nanocomposite material, steady-state creep deformation, and more.
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Nonlinear Optics on Ferroic Materials
Nonlinear Optics on Ferroic Materials Covering the fruitful combination of nonlinear optics and ferroic materials!The use of nonlinear optics for the study of ferroics, that is, magnetically, electrically or otherwise spontaneously ordered and switchable materials has witnessed a remarkable development since its inception with the invention of the laser in the 1960s.This book on Nonlinear Optics on Ferroic Materials reviews and advances an overarching concept of ferroic order and its exploration by nonlinear-optical methods.In doing so, it brings together three fields of physics: symmetry, ferroic order, and nonlinear laser spectroscopy.It begins by introducing the fundamentals for each of these fields.The book then discusses how nonlinear optical studies help to reveal properties of ferroic materials that are often inaccessible with other methods.In this, consequent use is made of the unique degrees of freedom inherent to optical experiments.An excursion into the theoretical foundations of nonlinear optical processes in ferroics rounds off the discussion.The final part of the book explores classes of ferroic materials of primary interest.In particular, this covers multiferroics with magnetoelectric correlations and oxide-electronic heterostructures.An outlook towards materials exhibiting novel forms of ferroic states or correlated arrangements beyond ferroic order and the study these systems by nonlinear optics concludes the work.The book is aimed equally at experienced scientists and young researchers at the interface between condensed-matter physics and optics and with a taste for bold, innovative ideas.
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What is the validity coefficient?
The validity coefficient is a statistical measure that quantifies the relationship between a predictor (such as a test or assessment) and a criterion (such as job performance or academic achievement). It indicates the degree to which the predictor is able to accurately predict the criterion. A higher validity coefficient suggests a stronger relationship between the predictor and the criterion, indicating that the predictor is more effective in predicting the criterion. Validity coefficients are commonly used in the field of psychometrics and are important for evaluating the effectiveness of selection tools and assessments.
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What is the multiplication coefficient?
The multiplication coefficient is a number that represents the factor by which a quantity is multiplied. It is used to scale or increase the value of a quantity by a certain amount. For example, if the multiplication coefficient is 2, then the quantity is doubled. The multiplication coefficient is often used in mathematical equations and calculations to represent the relationship between different quantities.
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What is a Gini coefficient?
A Gini coefficient is a measure of income inequality within a population. It is calculated based on the distribution of income or wealth among individuals or households in a given country or region. The coefficient ranges from 0 to 1, with 0 representing perfect equality (everyone has the same income) and 1 representing perfect inequality (one person has all the income). A higher Gini coefficient indicates greater income inequality, while a lower coefficient indicates more equal distribution of income.
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What is the quadratic temperature coefficient?
The quadratic temperature coefficient is a measure of how a material's resistance changes with temperature. It describes the rate at which the resistance of a material changes as the temperature changes. The coefficient is used to characterize the temperature dependence of a material's resistance in a quadratic manner, meaning the resistance changes with the square of the temperature difference. A positive coefficient indicates that the resistance increases with temperature, while a negative coefficient indicates that the resistance decreases with temperature.
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