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A Milliliter-Scale Setup for the Efficient Characterization of Multicomponent Vapor-Liquid Equilibria Using Raman Spectroscopy
Vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) data are of major importance for the chemical industry.Despite significant progress in predictive methods, experimental VLE data are still indispensable.In this work, we address the need for experimental VLE data.Commonly, the characterization of VLE requires significant experimental effort.To limit the experimental effort, VLE measurements are frequently conducted by synthetic methods which employ samples of known composition and avoid complex analytics and sampling issues.In contrast, analytical methods provide independent information on phase compositions, commonly based on sampling and large amounts of substance. In the first part of this work, we employ a synthetic method, the well-established Cailletet setup, to characterize the high pressure VLE of two promising binary biofuel blends.The Cailletet method serves as a state of the art reference method that enables collecting data of remarkable accuracy.However, extensive infrastructure is needed. In the second part, to avoid extensive infrastructure and overcome limitations of previous methods, we develop a novel analytical milliliter-scale setup for the noninvasive and efficient characterization of VLE: RAMSPEQU (Raman Spectroscopic Phase Equilibrium Characterization).The novel setup saves substance and rapidly characterizes VLE.Sampling and its associated errors are avoided by analyzing phase compositions using Raman spectroscopy.Thereby, volumes of less than 3 ml are sufficient for reliable phase equilibrium measurements.To enable rapid data generation and save substance, we design an integrated workow combining Raman signal calibration and VLE measurement.As a result, RAMSPEQU gives access to up to 15 pT xy-data sets per workday.RAMSPEQU is successfully validated against pure component and binary VLE data from literature. However, mixtures with only two components rarely depict real industrial applications.As the number of experiments increases strongly with a rising number of components, the efficient RAMSPEQU setup seems particularly suited for multicomponent systems.In the third part of this work, we employ the RAMSPEQU setup for the characterization of a quaternary system and its binary subsystems. 22 ml and 105 ml of the binary and quaternary mixtures are sufficient for an extensive VLE characterization. The RAMSPEQU setup and its integrated workow enable the characterization of multicomponent VLE while saving significant amounts of substance and laboratory time.
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Nanotechnology for Hydrogen Production and Storage : Nanostructured Materials and Interfaces
Nanotechnology for Hydrogen Production and Storage: Nanostructured Materials and Interfaces presents an evaluation of the various nano-based systems for hydrogen generation and storage.With a focus on challenges and recent developments, the book analyzes nanomaterials with the potential to boost hydrogen production and improve storage.It assesses the potential improvements to industrially important hydrogen production technologies by way of better surface-interface control through nanostructures of strategical composites of metal oxides, metal chalcogenides, plasmonic metals, conducting polymers, carbonaceous materials, and bio-interfaces with different types of algae and bacteria. In addition, the efficiency of various photochemical water splitting processes to generate renewable hydrogen energy are reviewed, with a focus on natural water splitting via photosynthesis, and the use of various metallic and non-metallic nanomaterials in anthropogenic/artificial water splitting processes is analyzed.Finally, the potential of nanomaterials in enhancing hydrogen generation in dark- and photo-fermentative organisms is explored, along with various nano-based systems for hydrogen generation and associated significant challenges and advances in biohydrogen research and development.
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Nanotechnology-Enhanced Solid Materials : Design, Synthesis, Properties, Applications, and Perspectives
This new volume highlights the emergence and rapid development of nanotechnology-enhanced solid materials and the ways they have impacted almost every aspect of nanoengineering.The chapters explore the role of nanomaterials in industries in diverse applications, such as for insulation and reinforcement of composite materials.The book focuses on the design, synthesis, and properties of solid materials, presenting updated, practical, and systematic knowledge on the modification of nanomaterials.The topics include photovoltaic applications of solid carbons, mesoporous silica nanomaterials, smart biopolymer composites and polymer solids, graphene oxide as an emerging solid-based nanocomposite material, steady-state creep deformation, and more.
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Spectroscopy
Spectroscopy can be defined as the study of the interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter, during which absorption, emission, or scattering of radiation may take place.The structure and chemical properties of a system can easily be understood and studied with the help of atomic and molecular spectroscopic techniques because there exists a fundamental relationship between the properties of a substance and the interaction of radiation with that substance.The importance of spectroscopy in the physical and chemical processes going on in planets, stars, and comets as well as in the interstellar medium has been continuously growing as a result of the use of satellites and the development of radiotelescopes for the microwave and millimeter wave regions.This book on spectroscopy gives a wealth of information that may be derived from spectra.
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Supramolecular Nanotechnology : Advanced Design of Self-Assembled Functional Materials, 3 Volumes
Supramolecular Nanotechnology Provides up-to-date coverage of both current knowledge and new developments in the dynamic and interdisciplinary field of supramolecular nanotechnology In recent years, supramolecular nanotechnology has revolutionized research in chemistry, physics, and materials science.These easily manipulated molecular units enable the synthesis of novel nanomaterials for use in a wide range of current and potential applications including electronics, sensors, drug delivery, and imaging.Supramolecular Nanotechnology presents a state-of-the-art overview of functional self-assembling nanomaterials based on organic and polymeric molecules.Featuring contributions by an international panel of experts in the field, this comprehensive volume covers the design of self-assembled materials, their synthesis and diverse fabrication methods, the characterization of supramolecular architectures, and current and emerging applications in chemistry, biology, and medicine.Detailed chapters discuss the synthesis of peptide-based supramolecular structures and polymeric self-assembling materials, their characterization, advanced microscopy techniques, nanostructures made of porphyrins, polyelectrolytes, silica, their application in catalysis and cancer, atomistic and coarse-grained simulations, and more.Presents cutting-edge research on rationally designed, self-assembled supramolecular structuresDiscusses the impact of supramolecular nanotechnology on current and future research and technologyHighlights applications of self-assembled supramolecular systems in catalysis, biomedical imaging, cancer therapies, and regenerative medicineProvides synthetic strategies for preparing the molecular assemblies and various characterization techniques for assessing the supramolecular morphologyDescribes theoretical modeling and simulation techniques for analyzing supramolecular nanostructures Supramolecular Nanotechnology: Advanced Design of Self-Assembled Functional Materials is essential reading for materials scientists and engineers, polymer and organic chemists, pharmaceutical scientists, molecular physicists and biologists, and chemical engineers.
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PVC Aquarium Decorative Simulation Artificial Leaves Plant Environmental Protection Materials
PVC Aquarium Decorative Simulation Artificial Leaves Plant Environmental Protection Materials
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Molecular Spectroscopy
This textbook offers an introduction to the foundations of spectroscopic methods and provides a bridge between basic concepts and experimental applications in fields as diverse as materials science, biology, solar energy conversion, and environmental science.The author emphasizes the use of time-dependent theory to link the spectral response in the frequency domain to the behavior of molecules in the time domain, strengthened by two brand new chapters on nonlinear optical spectroscopy and time-resolved spectroscopy.Theoretical underpinnings are presented to the extent necessary for readers to understand how to apply spectroscopic tools to their own interests.
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Insect Microscopy
Insects, and their close relatives, the arachnids, centipedes, millipedes and woodlice, make ideal material for study by the recreational microscopist. Moreover for the entomologist, the addition of the use of the microscope to their tool kit adds a whole new dimension to their study, revealing in finest detail the appearance and structure of these tiny creatures. This book reveals the basics of insect microscopy, explaining what equipment is needed and how to get the best out of it. Topics covered include insects and their relatives; trapping insects for study; dissection, slide mounting publishing your work.
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