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Raman Scattering on Emerging Semiconductors and Oxides
Raman Scattering on Emerging Semiconductors and Oxides presents Raman scattering studies.It describes the key fundamental elements in applying Raman spectroscopies to various semiconductors and oxides without complicated and deep Raman theories. Across nine chapters, it covers:• SiC and IV-IV semiconductors,• III-GaN and nitride semiconductors,• III-V and II-VI semiconductors,• ZnO-based and GaO-based semiconducting oxides,• Graphene, ferroelectric oxides, and other emerging materials,• Wide-bandgap semiconductors of SiC, GaN, and ZnO, and• Ultra-wide gap semiconductors of AlN, Ga2O3, and graphene. Key achievements from the author and collaborators in the above fields are referred to and cited with typical Raman spectral graphs and analyses.Written for engineers, scientists, and academics, this comprehensive book will be fundamental for newcomers in Raman spectroscopy. Zhe Chuan Feng has had an impressive career spanning many years of important work in engineering and tech, including as a professor at the Graduate Institute of Photonics & Optoelectronics and Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei; establishing the Science Exploring Lab; joining Kennesaw State University as an adjunct professor, part-time; and at the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Southern Polytechnic College of Engineering and Engineering Technology.Currently, he is focusing on materials research for LED, III-nitrides, SiC, ZnO, other semiconductors/oxides, and nanostructures and has devoted time to materials research and growth of III-V and II-VI compounds, LED, III nitrides, SiC, ZnO, GaO, and other semiconductors/oxides. Professor Feng has also edited and published multiple review books in his field, alongside authoring scientific journal papers and conference/proceeding papers.He has organized symposiums and been an invited speaker at different international conferences and universities.He has also served as a guest editor for special journal issues.
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Applied Raman Spectroscopy : Concepts, Instrumentation, Chemometrics, and Life Science Applications
Applied Raman Spectroscopy: Concepts, Instrumentation, Chemometrics, and Life Science Applications synthesizes recent developments in the field, providing an updated overview.The book focuses on the modern concepts of Raman spectroscopy techniques, recent technological innovations, data analysis using chemometric methods, along with the latest examples of life science applications relevant in academia and industries.It will be beneficial to researchers from various branches of science and technology, and it will point them to modern techniques coupled with data analysis methods.In addition, it will help instruct new readers on Raman spectroscopy and hyphenated Raman spectroscopic techniques. The book is primarily written for analytical and physical chemistry students and researchers at a more advanced level who require a broad introductory overview of the applications of Raman spectroscopy, as well as those working in applied industry and clinical laboratories.Students, researchers, and industry workers in related fields, including X-ray and materials science, agriculture, botany, molecular biology and biotechnology, mineralogy, and environmental science will also find it very useful.
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Magneto-Optics and Spectroscopy of Antiferromagnets
Certain magnetic materials have optical properties that make them attractive for a wide variety of applications such as optical switches.This book describes the physics of one class of such magnetooptic materials, the insulating antiferromagnets.The authors summarize recent results concerning the structure, optical properties, spectroscopy, and magnetooptical properties of these materials.In particular, they consider magnetic phase transitions, symmetry effects, the linear magnetooptical effect, magnons, spectroscopic study of spin waves, photoinduced magnetic effects, and the effects of impurities.
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Nanotechnology in Electronics : Materials, Properties, Devices
Nanotechnology in Electronics Enables readers to understand and apply state-of-the-art concepts surrounding modern nanotechnology in electronics Nanotechnology in Electronics summarizes numerous research accomplishments in the field, covering novel materials for electronic applications (such as graphene, nanowires, and carbon nanotubes) and modern nanoelectronic devices (such as biosensors, optoelectronic devices, flexible electronics, nanoscale batteries, and nanogenerators) that are used in many different fields (such as sensor technology, energy generation, data storage and biomedicine). Edited by four highly qualified researchers and professionals in the field, other specific sample topics covered in Nanotechnology in Electronics include: Graphene-based nanoelectronics biosensors, including the history, properties, and fundamentals of graphene, plus fundamentals of graphene derivatives and the synthesis of graphene Zinc oxide piezoelectronic nanogenerators for low frequency applications, with an introduction to zinc oxide and zinc oxide piezoelectric nanogenerators Investigation of the hot junctionless mosfets, including an overview of the junctionless paradigm and a simulation framework of the hot carrier degradation Conductive nanomaterials for printed/flexible electronics application and metal oxide semiconductors for non-invasive diagnosis of breast cancer The fundamental aspects and applications of multiferroic-based spintronic devices and quartz tuning fork based nanosensors. Containing in-depth information on the topic and written intentionally to help with the practical application of concepts described within, Nanotechnology in Electronics is a must-have reference for materials scientists, electronics engineers, and engineering scientists who wish to understand and harness the state of the art in the field.
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Is carbon the same as carbon fiber?
No, carbon and carbon fiber are not the same. Carbon is a chemical element with the symbol C and atomic number 6, while carbon fiber is a material made of thin fibers composed mostly of carbon atoms. Carbon fiber is a lightweight and strong material commonly used in aerospace, automotive, and sporting goods industries, while carbon in its elemental form has various uses in different industries.
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What are non-aromatic carbon-carbon bonds?
Non-aromatic carbon-carbon bonds are simply carbon-carbon bonds that do not participate in aromaticity. Aromaticity refers to a special type of bonding in organic molecules that results in increased stability and unique reactivity. Non-aromatic carbon-carbon bonds can be found in a wide range of organic compounds and can exhibit different types of reactivity and properties depending on their specific chemical environment. These bonds can be found in aliphatic hydrocarbons, such as alkanes and alkenes, as well as in many other organic molecules.
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Is carbon and carbon fiber the same thing?
No, carbon and carbon fiber are not the same thing. Carbon is a chemical element with the symbol C and atomic number 6, while carbon fiber is a material made of thin strands of carbon woven together. Carbon fiber is a composite material that is known for its high strength-to-weight ratio and is commonly used in aerospace, automotive, and sporting goods industries.
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What are the differences between Carbon 12 and Carbon 14?
Carbon 12 and Carbon 14 are isotopes of carbon with different atomic masses. Carbon 12 has 6 protons and 6 neutrons, while Carbon 14 has 6 protons and 8 neutrons. Carbon 12 is stable and makes up the majority of carbon found in nature, while Carbon 14 is radioactive and is used in radiocarbon dating to determine the age of organic materials. The presence of Carbon 14 in an object can help scientists estimate its age up to around 50,000 years.
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A Milliliter-Scale Setup for the Efficient Characterization of Multicomponent Vapor-Liquid Equilibria Using Raman Spectroscopy
Vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) data are of major importance for the chemical industry.Despite significant progress in predictive methods, experimental VLE data are still indispensable.In this work, we address the need for experimental VLE data.Commonly, the characterization of VLE requires significant experimental effort.To limit the experimental effort, VLE measurements are frequently conducted by synthetic methods which employ samples of known composition and avoid complex analytics and sampling issues.In contrast, analytical methods provide independent information on phase compositions, commonly based on sampling and large amounts of substance. In the first part of this work, we employ a synthetic method, the well-established Cailletet setup, to characterize the high pressure VLE of two promising binary biofuel blends.The Cailletet method serves as a state of the art reference method that enables collecting data of remarkable accuracy.However, extensive infrastructure is needed. In the second part, to avoid extensive infrastructure and overcome limitations of previous methods, we develop a novel analytical milliliter-scale setup for the noninvasive and efficient characterization of VLE: RAMSPEQU (Raman Spectroscopic Phase Equilibrium Characterization).The novel setup saves substance and rapidly characterizes VLE.Sampling and its associated errors are avoided by analyzing phase compositions using Raman spectroscopy.Thereby, volumes of less than 3 ml are sufficient for reliable phase equilibrium measurements.To enable rapid data generation and save substance, we design an integrated workow combining Raman signal calibration and VLE measurement.As a result, RAMSPEQU gives access to up to 15 pT xy-data sets per workday.RAMSPEQU is successfully validated against pure component and binary VLE data from literature. However, mixtures with only two components rarely depict real industrial applications.As the number of experiments increases strongly with a rising number of components, the efficient RAMSPEQU setup seems particularly suited for multicomponent systems.In the third part of this work, we employ the RAMSPEQU setup for the characterization of a quaternary system and its binary subsystems. 22 ml and 105 ml of the binary and quaternary mixtures are sufficient for an extensive VLE characterization. The RAMSPEQU setup and its integrated workow enable the characterization of multicomponent VLE while saving significant amounts of substance and laboratory time.
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Carbon Materials: Science And Applications
'The field of carbon materials is huge and often difficult to comprehend, but this book is easy to read and methodically covers the subject, including presenting materials properties and performance data with clear illustrations and graphs.References include relevant older and up-to-date sources of information.The book is tutorial style in nature and is an excellent resource for senior undergraduates, graduate students, researchers, and anyone who wants to learn more about carbon and incorporate carbon materials into new applications.'MRS BulletinElemental carbon materials take numerous forms including graphite, carbon fiber, carbon nanotube, graphene, carbon black, activated carbon, fullerene and diamond.These forms differ greatly in the structure, properties, fabrication method, and applications.The applications of these carbon forms include electronic, electromagnetic, electrochemical, environmental and biomedical applications.Carbon materials are a subject of intense research, with strong relevance to both science and technology.This book provides a tutorial-style and up-to-date coverage of the carbon forms.In addition to an introductory chapter on carbon materials, the book includes chapters on graphite, graphene, carbon black, activated carbon, carbon fibers, and carbon nanofibers/nanotubes.For example, the chapter on graphite covers various materials in the graphite family, including polycrystalline graphite, pyrolytic graphite, turbostratic carbon, intercalated graphite, graphite oxide, exfoliated graphite and flexible graphite, in addition to their electronic and mechanical properties.This book is suitable for use as a textbook for undergraduate and graduate students in science and engineering, and as a reference book for professionals.It is dedicated to the memory of the author's PhD thesis advisor, Professor M S Dresselhaus (1930-2017) of Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
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Nanotechnology for Hydrogen Production and Storage : Nanostructured Materials and Interfaces
Nanotechnology for Hydrogen Production and Storage: Nanostructured Materials and Interfaces presents an evaluation of the various nano-based systems for hydrogen generation and storage.With a focus on challenges and recent developments, the book analyzes nanomaterials with the potential to boost hydrogen production and improve storage.It assesses the potential improvements to industrially important hydrogen production technologies by way of better surface-interface control through nanostructures of strategical composites of metal oxides, metal chalcogenides, plasmonic metals, conducting polymers, carbonaceous materials, and bio-interfaces with different types of algae and bacteria. In addition, the efficiency of various photochemical water splitting processes to generate renewable hydrogen energy are reviewed, with a focus on natural water splitting via photosynthesis, and the use of various metallic and non-metallic nanomaterials in anthropogenic/artificial water splitting processes is analyzed.Finally, the potential of nanomaterials in enhancing hydrogen generation in dark- and photo-fermentative organisms is explored, along with various nano-based systems for hydrogen generation and associated significant challenges and advances in biohydrogen research and development.
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Nanotechnology-Enhanced Solid Materials : Design, Synthesis, Properties, Applications, and Perspectives
This new volume highlights the emergence and rapid development of nanotechnology-enhanced solid materials and the ways they have impacted almost every aspect of nanoengineering.The chapters explore the role of nanomaterials in industries in diverse applications, such as for insulation and reinforcement of composite materials.The book focuses on the design, synthesis, and properties of solid materials, presenting updated, practical, and systematic knowledge on the modification of nanomaterials.The topics include photovoltaic applications of solid carbons, mesoporous silica nanomaterials, smart biopolymer composites and polymer solids, graphene oxide as an emerging solid-based nanocomposite material, steady-state creep deformation, and more.
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How many carbon atoms are contained in 12g of carbon?
To determine the number of carbon atoms in 12g of carbon, we first need to calculate the number of moles of carbon in 12g. The molar mass of carbon is approximately 12g/mol. Therefore, 12g of carbon is equal to 1 mole of carbon. Since 1 mole of carbon contains Avogadro's number of atoms (6.022 x 10^23), there are 6.022 x 10^23 carbon atoms in 12g of carbon.
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What are the similarities between carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide?
Both carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide are composed of carbon and oxygen atoms. They are both produced by the combustion of carbon-containing materials, such as fossil fuels. Additionally, both gases are colorless, odorless, and tasteless, making them difficult to detect without specialized equipment. However, the main difference between the two is their chemical structure and toxicity, with carbon monoxide being a poisonous gas and carbon dioxide being a natural component of the atmosphere.
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What is the difference between carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide?
Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless gas that is produced by incomplete combustion of carbon-containing fuels, while carbon dioxide (CO2) is a colorless gas that is naturally present in the Earth's atmosphere and is produced by the combustion of fossil fuels, as well as by natural processes like respiration and volcanic eruptions. The main difference between the two is their chemical composition - carbon monoxide contains one carbon atom and one oxygen atom, while carbon dioxide contains one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms. Additionally, carbon monoxide is highly toxic to humans, while carbon dioxide is not toxic at normal levels but can contribute to climate change when present in high concentrations.
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How much activated carbon is needed for the Eheim Carbon?
The amount of activated carbon needed for the Eheim Carbon filter will depend on the size of the filter and the specific instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is recommended to follow the manufacturer's guidelines for the correct amount of activated carbon to use in the filter. Typically, a small amount of activated carbon is sufficient to effectively filter out impurities and maintain water quality in the aquarium.
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