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  • Back to Earth : Urbanization without Depletion
    Back to Earth : Urbanization without Depletion

    The Senegalese building collective Studio Suddo Neuve is calling for a paradigm shift in the West African construction sector.The collective has been focusing on substituting the ubiquitously-present concrete blocks with earth-based materials.While this volume primarily documents the practical aspects of building with earth, it also examines urbanization and construction processes in the region.The detailed manual for the production and application of earth blocks underlines the contribution nature-based products can have for the transformation toward regenerative building practices and suggests its potential for global application.The project showcases how local materials can be adapted to contemporary building demands while retaining a minimized environmental impact. A handbook on building with earth blocks A West African perspective on the global reorientation of building practices

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  • Raman Scattering on Emerging Semiconductors and Oxides
    Raman Scattering on Emerging Semiconductors and Oxides

    Raman Scattering on Emerging Semiconductors and Oxides presents Raman scattering studies.It describes the key fundamental elements in applying Raman spectroscopies to various semiconductors and oxides without complicated and deep Raman theories. Across nine chapters, it covers:• SiC and IV-IV semiconductors,• III-GaN and nitride semiconductors,• III-V and II-VI semiconductors,• ZnO-based and GaO-based semiconducting oxides,• Graphene, ferroelectric oxides, and other emerging materials,• Wide-bandgap semiconductors of SiC, GaN, and ZnO, and• Ultra-wide gap semiconductors of AlN, Ga2O3, and graphene. Key achievements from the author and collaborators in the above fields are referred to and cited with typical Raman spectral graphs and analyses.Written for engineers, scientists, and academics, this comprehensive book will be fundamental for newcomers in Raman spectroscopy. Zhe Chuan Feng has had an impressive career spanning many years of important work in engineering and tech, including as a professor at the Graduate Institute of Photonics & Optoelectronics and Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei; establishing the Science Exploring Lab; joining Kennesaw State University as an adjunct professor, part-time; and at the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Southern Polytechnic College of Engineering and Engineering Technology.Currently, he is focusing on materials research for LED, III-nitrides, SiC, ZnO, other semiconductors/oxides, and nanostructures and has devoted time to materials research and growth of III-V and II-VI compounds, LED, III nitrides, SiC, ZnO, GaO, and other semiconductors/oxides. Professor Feng has also edited and published multiple review books in his field, alongside authoring scientific journal papers and conference/proceeding papers.He has organized symposiums and been an invited speaker at different international conferences and universities.He has also served as a guest editor for special journal issues.

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  • A New Analysis of Urbanization in China
    A New Analysis of Urbanization in China

    The urbanization rate in China soared from 29.4% in 1996 to 52.6% in 2012 following an upsurge in the construction of development zones, new urban districts and international metropolises. China’s urbanization is one of the two major events that will affect the development of human society in the 21st century, according to Joseph Stiglitz, the acclaimed American Nobel prize-winning economist, the other being the next round of the US-led new technological revolution. Urbanization, an inexorable trend of economic and social development, can act as a benchmark to gauge the economic and societal progress of a country.Since the founding of the PRC, and especially since the reform and opening-up process was launched in 1978, China has witnessed a marked upward spike in the size of its urban population.This trend has accelerated in recent decades, with small towns and cities emerging in large numbers.The authors of this textbook explore the evolution of the economy, society, ecology and culture associated with urbanization, to reveal the distinctive characteristics of urbanization in contemporary China.They examine the changes taking place in towns and cities since the start of reform and opening up, and investigate how the Chinese government has been working to establish an institutional framework to guarantee that urbanization develops in a sustainable way.

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  • Cohabitation Strategies : Challenging Neoliberal Urbanization Between Crises
    Cohabitation Strategies : Challenging Neoliberal Urbanization Between Crises

    Cohabitation Strategies: Challenging Neoliberal Urbanization Between Crisis presents 12 years of urban theories, projects, and interventions developed by Cohabitation Strategies, a Rotterdam- and New York City-based non-profit cooperative committed to radical socio-spatial research, design, and development. Centering on the development of new action-research methodologies, neighbourhood-based initiatives, and the facilitation of community-driven transformative interventions, the book offers critical insights and progressive visions on the dramatic impact that neoliberal spatial-restructuring had in communities of colour and low-income neighbourhoods in the Netherlands, Italy, France, Canada, and the United States. The book proposes new transdisciplinary methodologies, practices, tools, and strategies to challenge for-profit-driven urban development and the advancement of the right to the city.

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  • What is urbanization?

    Urbanization is the process of population concentration in cities and towns, leading to the growth of urban areas at the expense of rural areas. It involves the migration of people from rural to urban areas in search of better opportunities, resulting in the expansion of infrastructure, housing, and services in urban areas. Urbanization is often accompanied by industrialization and economic development, leading to changes in social, cultural, and environmental aspects of society.

  • What is the difference between urbanization level and urbanization rate?

    Urbanization level refers to the proportion of a country's population living in urban areas, while urbanization rate refers to the speed at which a country is urbanizing. The urbanization level is a static measure at a specific point in time, while the urbanization rate is a dynamic measure that shows how quickly urbanization is occurring. A country can have a high urbanization level but a low urbanization rate if the growth of urban areas has slowed down.

  • What does urbanization mean?

    Urbanization refers to the process of a population shifting from rural areas to urban areas, leading to the growth and expansion of cities. This process is often accompanied by changes in infrastructure, land use, and social and economic systems. Urbanization is driven by factors such as industrialization, economic opportunities, and population growth, and it can have both positive and negative impacts on society and the environment.

  • What is the degree of urbanization?

    The degree of urbanization refers to the proportion of a country's population living in urban areas compared to rural areas. It is often measured by the percentage of the total population residing in urban areas. A high degree of urbanization indicates a large proportion of the population living in cities, while a low degree of urbanization indicates a smaller proportion living in urban areas. Urbanization is influenced by factors such as industrialization, economic development, and rural-to-urban migration.

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  • Implosions /Explosions : Towards a Study of Planetary Urbanization
    Implosions /Explosions : Towards a Study of Planetary Urbanization

    A rethinking of the Henri Lefebvre's hypothesis that society has been completely urbanised. "I'll begin with the following hypothesis: society has been completely urbanized." - Henri Lefebvre, La révolution urbaine (1970)In 1970, Henri Lefebvre put forward the radical hypothesis of the complete urbanisation of society, a circumstance that in his view required a radical shift from the analysis of urban form to the investigation of the urbanisation processes. Drawing together classic and contemporary texts on the 'urbanisation question', this book explores various theoretical, epistemological, methodological and political implications of Lefebvre's hypothesis.It assembles a series of analytical and cartographic interventions that supersede inherited spatial ontologies (urban/rural, town/country, city/non-city, society/nature) in order to investigate the uneven implosions and explosions of capitalist urbanisation across places, regions, territories, continents and oceans up to the planetary scale. Neil Brenner is Professor of Urban Theory at the Harvard Graduate School of Design (GSD).His writing and teaching focus on the theoretical, conceptual, methodological and cartographic dimensions of urban questions.His work builds upon, and seeks to extend, the fields of critical urban and regional studies, comparative geopolitical economy and radical sociospatial theory.Major research foci include processes of urban and regional restructuring and uneven spatial development; the generalisation of capitalist urbanisation; the problem of spatial visualisation in urban studies; and processes of state spatial restructuring, with particular reference to the remaking of urban governance configurations under neoliberalising capitalism.In 2014, Brenner was selected as a Thompson Reuters Highly Cited Researcher (www.highlycited.com).Based on Web of Science data, his publications were ranked among the top 1% most cited globally in the general social sciences between 2002 and 2012. http://www.gsd.harvard.edu/person/neil-brenner/

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  • Online Urbanization : Online Services in China’s Rural Transformation
    Online Urbanization : Online Services in China’s Rural Transformation

    This book highlights the new urban–rural relationship that has emerged under the influence of e-commerce in China.In this regard, it presents case studies on the Suichang rural e-commerce model and Alibaba’s rural strategy, together with analyses of online service in China.Furthermore, by means of a brief review of the urban–rural relationship throughout China’s history, and of academic literature on the study of space, it explains the special logic of urbanization in China.As such, the book makes a valuable contribution to the body of literature on the space of flows and grassrooting, aspects that are essential to appreciating the complexity of the new urban–rural relationship in underdeveloped areas (including developing countries and underdeveloped areas in developed countries) in the ongoing information era.

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  • China's New Urbanization : Inequality and the New Chinese Dream
    China's New Urbanization : Inequality and the New Chinese Dream

    Recent state-led urbanization initiatives in China have drastically transformed Chinese rural society - closing the urban-rural divide as well as redistributing wealth and altering the flows of social mobility.In this study Jiabao Sun asks: who are the winners and who are the losers in this process?This book uses two case studies of different modes of state-led rural urbanization - in the villages of Tianjin and Zhejiang - in order to assess the impact on the livelihoods of the villagers, as well as the success of the development initiatives.By focusing on the villagers capabilities, assets and support provided this study examines the imbalances of rural redistribution at three levels: among social groups, among villages and between the rural-urban divide.

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  • World Cities Report 2020 : The Value of Sustainable Urbanization
    World Cities Report 2020 : The Value of Sustainable Urbanization

    In a rapidly urbanizing and globalized world, cities have been the epicentres of COVID-19 (coronavirus).The virus has spread to virtually all parts of the world; first, among globally connected cities, then through community transmission and from the city to the countryside.This report shows that the intrinsic value of sustainable urbanization can and should be harnessed for the wellbeing of all.It provides evidence and policy analysis of the value of urbanization from an economic, social and environmental perspective.It also explores the role of innovation and technology, local governments, targeted investments and the effective implementation of the New Urban Agenda in fostering the value of sustainable urbanization.

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  • What are the subsequent problems of urbanization?

    The subsequent problems of urbanization include increased strain on infrastructure such as transportation, water, and sanitation systems, leading to congestion and pollution. Urbanization also often leads to the loss of natural habitats and green spaces, impacting biodiversity and contributing to climate change. Additionally, rapid urbanization can result in social and economic inequalities, as well as increased crime rates and health issues due to overcrowding and inadequate access to healthcare. Overall, urbanization presents a range of challenges that require careful planning and management to address effectively.

  • What does the graphic specifically say about the urbanization processes?

    The graphic shows that urbanization processes are increasing rapidly, with the global urban population projected to reach 68% by 2050. It also indicates that the majority of this urban growth will occur in Asia and Africa, highlighting the significant urbanization trends in these regions. Additionally, the graphic suggests that urbanization is a global phenomenon, with urban populations expected to rise in both developed and developing countries.

  • What are the negative consequences of the process of urbanization?

    The process of urbanization can lead to several negative consequences. It often results in overcrowding, leading to increased competition for resources such as housing, jobs, and public services. Urbanization can also lead to environmental degradation, as cities often struggle to manage waste and pollution. Additionally, the rapid growth of cities can strain infrastructure and lead to social problems such as crime and inequality. Finally, urbanization can also contribute to the loss of agricultural land and natural habitats, further impacting the environment.

  • Did I correctly understand the basic statements of the urbanization process from the graphic?

    Yes, you correctly understood the basic statements of the urbanization process from the graphic. The graphic shows the increase in the world's urban population over time, indicating a significant rise in urbanization. It also highlights the shift from rural to urban living, with more people moving to cities for various opportunities. Additionally, the graphic suggests that urbanization is a global phenomenon, affecting both developed and developing countries. Overall, your understanding of the urbanization process from the graphic is accurate.

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