Products related to Solvation:
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Solvation Effects on Molecules and Biomolecules : Computational Methods and Applications
The incessant development of quantum chemistry since the appearance of the Schrodinger ¨ equation has turned this area into a respectable branch of science with unprecedented capabilities.It is now a well-recognized eld of research with pred- tive power that is an important component in physical–chemical laboratories.Very important developments were conducted in the early days by bright theoretical s- entists that were ready to absorb the incredible and unpredicted computer revolution which was only just beginning.Isolated medium-size molecular systems can now be accurately studied theoretically by quantum chemical methods.However, it was also long recognized that all biomolecular phenomena necessary to obtain and sustain living systems take place in solution, as well as the vast majority of chemical p- cesses.Indeed solvent and liquid systems are germane in chemistry experiments.In physics, aconstant concern isthedescription of theroleplayed by theenvironment in modifying the properties of the system as compared to the isolated situation.Hence, the importance of studying atoms, molecules and biomolecules in the solvent en- ronment can hardly be denied.The quantum chemical studies of molecular systems affected by the interaction with a solvent had its own turning point before the end of the 1970s, when some pioneering work was done, including the dielectric pr- erties of the medium in an effective nonlinear Hamiltonian.This naturally led to the development of the so-called continuum models that are important and now popular.Continuum models can be implemented from the simplest to the most sophisticated quantum chemical methods.
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Raman Scattering on Emerging Semiconductors and Oxides
Raman Scattering on Emerging Semiconductors and Oxides presents Raman scattering studies.It describes the key fundamental elements in applying Raman spectroscopies to various semiconductors and oxides without complicated and deep Raman theories. Across nine chapters, it covers:• SiC and IV-IV semiconductors,• III-GaN and nitride semiconductors,• III-V and II-VI semiconductors,• ZnO-based and GaO-based semiconducting oxides,• Graphene, ferroelectric oxides, and other emerging materials,• Wide-bandgap semiconductors of SiC, GaN, and ZnO, and• Ultra-wide gap semiconductors of AlN, Ga2O3, and graphene. Key achievements from the author and collaborators in the above fields are referred to and cited with typical Raman spectral graphs and analyses.Written for engineers, scientists, and academics, this comprehensive book will be fundamental for newcomers in Raman spectroscopy. Zhe Chuan Feng has had an impressive career spanning many years of important work in engineering and tech, including as a professor at the Graduate Institute of Photonics & Optoelectronics and Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei; establishing the Science Exploring Lab; joining Kennesaw State University as an adjunct professor, part-time; and at the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Southern Polytechnic College of Engineering and Engineering Technology.Currently, he is focusing on materials research for LED, III-nitrides, SiC, ZnO, other semiconductors/oxides, and nanostructures and has devoted time to materials research and growth of III-V and II-VI compounds, LED, III nitrides, SiC, ZnO, GaO, and other semiconductors/oxides. Professor Feng has also edited and published multiple review books in his field, alongside authoring scientific journal papers and conference/proceeding papers.He has organized symposiums and been an invited speaker at different international conferences and universities.He has also served as a guest editor for special journal issues.
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The Kirkwood-Buff Theory of Solutions : With Selected Applications to Solvation and Proteins
The Kirkwood-Buff Theory of Solutions: With Selected Applications to Solvation and Proteins presents the Kirkwood-Buff (KB) Theory of solution in a simple and didactic manner, making it understandable to those with minimal background in thermodynamics.Aside from the fact that the KB Theory may be the most important and useful theory of solutions, it is also the most general theory that can be applied to all possible solutions, including aqueous solutions of proteins and nucleic acids.Introductory chapters give readers grounding in the necessary chemical thermodynamics and statistical mechanics, but then move to a systematic derivation of Kirkwood-Buff theory and its inversion. Originally published in 1951, the KB theory was dormant for over 20 years.It became extremely useful after the publication of the "Inversion of the KB theory" by the author Arieh Ben-Naim in 1978.The book explains all necessary concepts in statistical mechanics featured in the theory in a simple and intuitive way.Researchers will find the theory useful in solving any problem in mixtures or solutions in any phase.Some examples of applications of the KB theory, to water, aqueous solutions, protein folding, and self-association of proteins, are provided in the book.
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Applied Raman Spectroscopy : Concepts, Instrumentation, Chemometrics, and Life Science Applications
Applied Raman Spectroscopy: Concepts, Instrumentation, Chemometrics, and Life Science Applications synthesizes recent developments in the field, providing an updated overview.The book focuses on the modern concepts of Raman spectroscopy techniques, recent technological innovations, data analysis using chemometric methods, along with the latest examples of life science applications relevant in academia and industries.It will be beneficial to researchers from various branches of science and technology, and it will point them to modern techniques coupled with data analysis methods.In addition, it will help instruct new readers on Raman spectroscopy and hyphenated Raman spectroscopic techniques. The book is primarily written for analytical and physical chemistry students and researchers at a more advanced level who require a broad introductory overview of the applications of Raman spectroscopy, as well as those working in applied industry and clinical laboratories.Students, researchers, and industry workers in related fields, including X-ray and materials science, agriculture, botany, molecular biology and biotechnology, mineralogy, and environmental science will also find it very useful.
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Where has photonics gone?
Photonics has advanced and expanded into various industries and applications, including telecommunications, healthcare, manufacturing, and defense. It has enabled the development of faster and more efficient communication systems, medical imaging technologies, high-precision manufacturing tools, and advanced military equipment. Photonics has also made significant contributions to renewable energy technologies, such as solar cells and LED lighting. Overall, photonics has become an integral part of modern technology and continues to drive innovation in a wide range of fields.
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How advanced is nanotechnology?
Nanotechnology is a rapidly advancing field that involves manipulating materials at the nanoscale, which is on the order of billionths of a meter. It has already led to significant advancements in various industries, including medicine, electronics, and materials science. Researchers are continually developing new techniques and applications for nanotechnology, such as targeted drug delivery, nanoelectronics, and nanomaterials with unique properties. While nanotechnology is still in its early stages, it holds great promise for revolutionizing many aspects of our lives in the future.
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What is NMR spectroscopy?
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a powerful analytical technique used to study the structure and dynamics of molecules. It provides detailed information about the chemical environment, connectivity, and conformation of atoms within a molecule. By measuring the interactions of atomic nuclei with a magnetic field, NMR spectroscopy can elucidate the molecular structure of organic compounds, proteins, and other biomolecules. This technique is widely used in chemistry, biochemistry, and structural biology for research and drug discovery purposes.
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How is spectroscopy applied?
Spectroscopy is applied in various fields such as chemistry, physics, astronomy, and environmental science. In chemistry, it is used to identify and analyze the chemical composition of substances. In physics, it is used to study the interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter. In astronomy, it is used to determine the composition, temperature, and motion of celestial objects. In environmental science, it is used to monitor air and water quality by analyzing the presence of pollutants. Overall, spectroscopy is a versatile tool for analyzing the properties of different materials and substances.
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Magneto-Optics and Spectroscopy of Antiferromagnets
Certain magnetic materials have optical properties that make them attractive for a wide variety of applications such as optical switches.This book describes the physics of one class of such magnetooptic materials, the insulating antiferromagnets.The authors summarize recent results concerning the structure, optical properties, spectroscopy, and magnetooptical properties of these materials.In particular, they consider magnetic phase transitions, symmetry effects, the linear magnetooptical effect, magnons, spectroscopic study of spin waves, photoinduced magnetic effects, and the effects of impurities.
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Nanotechnology in Electronics : Materials, Properties, Devices
Nanotechnology in Electronics Enables readers to understand and apply state-of-the-art concepts surrounding modern nanotechnology in electronics Nanotechnology in Electronics summarizes numerous research accomplishments in the field, covering novel materials for electronic applications (such as graphene, nanowires, and carbon nanotubes) and modern nanoelectronic devices (such as biosensors, optoelectronic devices, flexible electronics, nanoscale batteries, and nanogenerators) that are used in many different fields (such as sensor technology, energy generation, data storage and biomedicine). Edited by four highly qualified researchers and professionals in the field, other specific sample topics covered in Nanotechnology in Electronics include: Graphene-based nanoelectronics biosensors, including the history, properties, and fundamentals of graphene, plus fundamentals of graphene derivatives and the synthesis of graphene Zinc oxide piezoelectronic nanogenerators for low frequency applications, with an introduction to zinc oxide and zinc oxide piezoelectric nanogenerators Investigation of the hot junctionless mosfets, including an overview of the junctionless paradigm and a simulation framework of the hot carrier degradation Conductive nanomaterials for printed/flexible electronics application and metal oxide semiconductors for non-invasive diagnosis of breast cancer The fundamental aspects and applications of multiferroic-based spintronic devices and quartz tuning fork based nanosensors. Containing in-depth information on the topic and written intentionally to help with the practical application of concepts described within, Nanotechnology in Electronics is a must-have reference for materials scientists, electronics engineers, and engineering scientists who wish to understand and harness the state of the art in the field.
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A Milliliter-Scale Setup for the Efficient Characterization of Multicomponent Vapor-Liquid Equilibria Using Raman Spectroscopy
Vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) data are of major importance for the chemical industry.Despite significant progress in predictive methods, experimental VLE data are still indispensable.In this work, we address the need for experimental VLE data.Commonly, the characterization of VLE requires significant experimental effort.To limit the experimental effort, VLE measurements are frequently conducted by synthetic methods which employ samples of known composition and avoid complex analytics and sampling issues.In contrast, analytical methods provide independent information on phase compositions, commonly based on sampling and large amounts of substance. In the first part of this work, we employ a synthetic method, the well-established Cailletet setup, to characterize the high pressure VLE of two promising binary biofuel blends.The Cailletet method serves as a state of the art reference method that enables collecting data of remarkable accuracy.However, extensive infrastructure is needed. In the second part, to avoid extensive infrastructure and overcome limitations of previous methods, we develop a novel analytical milliliter-scale setup for the noninvasive and efficient characterization of VLE: RAMSPEQU (Raman Spectroscopic Phase Equilibrium Characterization).The novel setup saves substance and rapidly characterizes VLE.Sampling and its associated errors are avoided by analyzing phase compositions using Raman spectroscopy.Thereby, volumes of less than 3 ml are sufficient for reliable phase equilibrium measurements.To enable rapid data generation and save substance, we design an integrated workow combining Raman signal calibration and VLE measurement.As a result, RAMSPEQU gives access to up to 15 pT xy-data sets per workday.RAMSPEQU is successfully validated against pure component and binary VLE data from literature. However, mixtures with only two components rarely depict real industrial applications.As the number of experiments increases strongly with a rising number of components, the efficient RAMSPEQU setup seems particularly suited for multicomponent systems.In the third part of this work, we employ the RAMSPEQU setup for the characterization of a quaternary system and its binary subsystems. 22 ml and 105 ml of the binary and quaternary mixtures are sufficient for an extensive VLE characterization. The RAMSPEQU setup and its integrated workow enable the characterization of multicomponent VLE while saving significant amounts of substance and laboratory time.
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Nanotechnology for Hydrogen Production and Storage : Nanostructured Materials and Interfaces
Nanotechnology for Hydrogen Production and Storage: Nanostructured Materials and Interfaces presents an evaluation of the various nano-based systems for hydrogen generation and storage.With a focus on challenges and recent developments, the book analyzes nanomaterials with the potential to boost hydrogen production and improve storage.It assesses the potential improvements to industrially important hydrogen production technologies by way of better surface-interface control through nanostructures of strategical composites of metal oxides, metal chalcogenides, plasmonic metals, conducting polymers, carbonaceous materials, and bio-interfaces with different types of algae and bacteria. In addition, the efficiency of various photochemical water splitting processes to generate renewable hydrogen energy are reviewed, with a focus on natural water splitting via photosynthesis, and the use of various metallic and non-metallic nanomaterials in anthropogenic/artificial water splitting processes is analyzed.Finally, the potential of nanomaterials in enhancing hydrogen generation in dark- and photo-fermentative organisms is explored, along with various nano-based systems for hydrogen generation and associated significant challenges and advances in biohydrogen research and development.
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Is it possible to create new materials through lower dimensional levels by using femtotechnology instead of nanotechnology?
Femtotechnology operates at the scale of femtometers (10^-15 meters), which is smaller than the scale of nanotechnology (10^-9 meters). At this scale, it is theoretically possible to manipulate individual atomic nuclei and electrons to create entirely new materials with unique properties. By harnessing the power of femtotechnology, scientists may be able to engineer materials with unprecedented strength, conductivity, and other desirable characteristics. However, femtotechnology is still largely theoretical and has not yet been realized in practical applications, so its potential for creating new materials through lower dimensional levels remains speculative.
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Why is Rutherford's scattering experiment called a scattering experiment at all?
Rutherford's experiment is called a scattering experiment because it involved firing alpha particles at a thin gold foil and observing how they scattered after hitting the foil. The term "scattering" refers to the process of particles being deflected from their original path as a result of collisions with the atoms in the foil. By analyzing the pattern of scattering, Rutherford was able to deduce the structure of the atom and propose the existence of a dense, positively charged nucleus at its center. This experiment was crucial in advancing our understanding of atomic structure and the behavior of subatomic particles.
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What are the arguments against nanotechnology?
Some arguments against nanotechnology include concerns about potential health and environmental risks, such as the unknown effects of nanoparticles on living organisms and ecosystems. There are also ethical concerns related to the potential misuse of nanotechnology for military purposes or surveillance. Additionally, there are worries about the unequal distribution of benefits and risks, with some groups potentially being disproportionately affected by the consequences of nanotechnology development.
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What are the dangers of nanotechnology?
The dangers of nanotechnology include potential environmental and health risks. Nanoparticles are so small that they can easily enter the body through inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact, potentially causing harm to human health. There is also concern about the potential for nanoparticles to accumulate in the environment and impact ecosystems. Additionally, the long-term effects of exposure to nanoparticles are not fully understood, raising concerns about their safety. Therefore, it is important to carefully consider the potential risks and benefits of nanotechnology and to regulate its use to minimize potential dangers.
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