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The Swiss Reformation : The Swiss Reformation
The Swiss Reformation was a seminal event of the sixteenth century which created a Protestant culture whose influence spread across Europe from Transylvania to Scotland.Offers the first comprehensive study of the Swiss Reformation and argues that the movement must be understood in terms of the historical evolution of the Swiss Confederation, its unique and fluid structures, the legacy of the mercenary trade, the distinctive character of Swiss theology, the powerful influence of Renaissance humanism, and, most decisively, the roles played by the dominant figures, Huldrych Zwingli and Heinrich Bullinger.Marked by astounding creative energy, incendiary preaching, burning political passions, peasant revolts, and breath-taking scholarship, as well as by painful divisions, civil war, executions and dashed hopes, the story of the Swiss Reformation is told with extensive use of primary sources.Explores the narrative of events before turning to consider themes such as the radical opposition, church and community, daily life in the Confederation, cultural achievements and the Swiss place in the wider European Reformation world. -- .
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Eco-Reformation
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Reformation Europe
How could the Protestant Reformation take off from Wittenberg, a tiny town in Saxony, which contemporaries regarded as a mud hole? And how could a man of humble origins, deeply scared by the devil, become a charismatic leader and convince others that the Pope was the living Antichrist?Martin Luther founded a religion which to this day determines many people's lives, as did Jean Calvin in Geneva one generation later.In this new edition of her best selling textbook, Ulinka Rublack addresses these two tantalising questions.Including evidence from the period's rich material culture, alongside a wealth of illustrations, this is the first textbook to use the approaches of the new cultural history to analyse how Reformation Europe came about.Updated for the anniversary of the circulation of Luther's ninety-five theses, Reformation Europe has been restructured for ease of teaching, and now contains additional references to 'radical' strands of Protestantism.
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Imaginos: Mutant Reformation
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What were the Reformation and Counter-Reformation?
The Reformation was a 16th-century movement within Christianity that aimed to reform the Roman Catholic Church. It was led by figures such as Martin Luther, John Calvin, and Huldrych Zwingli, who sought to address corruption and abuses within the Church. The Counter-Reformation, on the other hand, was the Catholic Church's response to the Reformation. It involved efforts to reaffirm and strengthen Catholic doctrine, as well as to address some of the criticisms raised by the reformers. The Council of Trent, held between 1545 and 1563, was a key event in the Counter-Reformation, as it outlined reforms and clarified Catholic teachings.
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What was the Reformation and the Counter-Reformation?
The Reformation was a 16th-century movement in Europe that sought to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestantism. It was sparked by Martin Luther's 95 Theses, which criticized the Church's practices and teachings. The Counter-Reformation was the Catholic Church's response to the Reformation, aiming to address the issues raised by the reformers and to reassert the Church's authority. It included efforts to reform the Church from within, as well as the establishment of the Inquisition to combat heresy.
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Why were numerous universities founded during the Reformation and Counter-Reformation era?
Numerous universities were founded during the Reformation and Counter-Reformation era because of the increased demand for education and the need to train clergy and scholars in the theological and philosophical debates of the time. The Reformation led to a greater emphasis on the study of scripture and theology, prompting the establishment of Protestant universities to train ministers and scholars in these areas. On the other hand, the Counter-Reformation, led by the Catholic Church, also saw the founding of universities to educate clergy and counter the spread of Protestant ideas. Additionally, the printing press allowed for the dissemination of knowledge, leading to a greater demand for education and the establishment of more universities.
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Does the Princes' Reformation differ significantly from the People's Reformation under Luther?
Yes, the Princes' Reformation and the People's Reformation under Luther differ significantly. The Princes' Reformation was driven by political and economic motivations, as many German princes saw an opportunity to gain power and wealth by breaking away from the authority of the Catholic Church. On the other hand, the People's Reformation was more focused on religious and spiritual concerns, with Luther's teachings resonating with the common people who were seeking a more personal and direct relationship with God. Additionally, the Princes' Reformation often involved the use of force and coercion to implement religious changes, while the People's Reformation was more grassroots and organic in nature.
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The Tudor Reformation
The Reformation transformed England forever. From peasants in the lanes and fields to the court of Henry VIII, no life was left untouched as the Roman Catholic Church was replaced as the centre of the nation’s religious life.Emerging from a dense mesh of European ecclesiastical and political controversy and Tudor dynastic ambition, the English Reformation ended with the Pope supplanted as the head of the national church, the great monasteries – owners of much of the country’s land – disbanded and destroyed, the Latin Mass replaced by vernacular services and the colourful wall paintings of parish churches whitewashed.This is a fully illustrated introduction that looks at the main players – Thomas Cranmer, Henry VIII, Thomas Cromwell and others – as well as the broad sweep of this era of bitter controversy, brutal persecution and seismic upheaval.
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The Catholic Reformation
The Catholic Reformation (1999) provides a dynamic and original history of this crucial movement in early modern Europe.Starting from the late middle ages, it clearly traces the continuous transformation of Catholicism in its structure, bodies and doctrine.Charting the gain in momentum of Catholic renewal from the time of the Council of Trent, it also considers the ambiguous effect of the Protestant Reformation in accelerating the renovation of the Catholic Church.It explores how and why the Catholic Reformation occurred, stressing that many moves towards restoration were underway well before the Protestant Reformation.The huge impact the Catholic renewal had, not only on the papacy, Church leaders and religious ritual and practice, but also on the lives of ordinary people – their culture, arts, attitudes and relationships – is shown in colourful detail.
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The Catholic Reformation
The Catholic Reformation (1999) provides a dynamic and original history of this crucial movement in early modern Europe.Starting from the late middle ages, it clearly traces the continuous transformation of Catholicism in its structure, bodies and doctrine.Charting the gain in momentum of Catholic renewal from the time of the Council of Trent, it also considers the ambiguous effect of the Protestant Reformation in accelerating the renovation of the Catholic Church.It explores how and why the Catholic Reformation occurred, stressing that many moves towards restoration were underway well before the Protestant Reformation.The huge impact the Catholic renewal had, not only on the papacy, Church leaders and religious ritual and practice, but also on the lives of ordinary people – their culture, arts, attitudes and relationships – is shown in colourful detail.
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Astrology and Reformation
During the sixteenth century, no part of the Christian West saw the development of a more powerful and pervasive astrological culture than the very home of the Reformation movement--the Protestant towns of the Holy Roman Empire.While most modern approaches to the religious and social reforms of that age give scant attention to cosmological preoccupations, this study argues that astrological concepts and imagery played a key role in preparing the ground for the evangelical movement sparked by Martin Luther in the 1520s, as well as in shaping the distinctive characteristics of German evangelical culture over the following century.Spreading above all through cheap printed almanacs and prognostications, popular astrology functioned in paradoxical ways.It contributed to an enlarged and abstracted sense of the divine that led away from clericalism, sacramentalism, and the cult of the saints; at the same time, it sought to ground people more squarely in practical matters of daily life.The art gained unprecedented sanction from Luther's closest associate, Philipp Melanchthon, whose teachings influenced generations of preachers, physicians, schoolmasters, and literate layfolk.But the apocalyptic astrology that came to prevail among evangelicals involved a perpetuation, even a strengthening, of ties between faith and cosmology, which played out in beliefs about nature and natural signs that would later appear as rank superstitions.Not until the early seventeenth century did Luther's heirs experience a "crisis of piety" that forced preachers and stargazers to part ways.Astrology and Reformation illuminates an early modern outlook that was both practical and prophetic; a world that was neither traditionally enchanted nor rationally disenchanted, but quite different from the medieval world of perception it had displaced.
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What was the Counter-Reformation?
The Counter-Reformation was a period of Catholic resurgence in response to the Protestant Reformation. It was a movement within the Catholic Church to address the criticisms and challenges posed by the Protestant reformers. The Counter-Reformation involved efforts to reform the Church from within, combat heresy, and strengthen Catholic doctrine and practices. It also led to the founding of new religious orders, such as the Jesuits, to spread Catholicism and combat the spread of Protestantism.
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Is there a reformation among Catholics?
Yes, there have been movements within the Catholic Church that can be seen as a form of reformation. One example is the Second Vatican Council in the 1960s, which brought significant changes to the Church's practices and teachings. Additionally, there are ongoing discussions and debates within the Church about various issues, such as the role of women, the handling of sexual abuse scandals, and the approach to social justice. These movements can be seen as efforts to reform and renew the Catholic Church in response to the changing world.
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Why did Reformation Day become Halloween?
Reformation Day, which commemorates the day Martin Luther nailed his 95 Theses to the church door in Wittenberg, Germany, on October 31, 1517, is the same day as Halloween. The connection between the two dates is likely due to the fact that Halloween, or All Hallows' Eve, falls on the night before All Saints' Day, a Christian holiday. Over time, the traditions and customs of Halloween, such as dressing up in costumes and going door-to-door for treats, have become more prominent, overshadowing the religious significance of Reformation Day. As a result, the two events have become intertwined in popular culture.
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How was it before the Reformation?
Before the Reformation, the Catholic Church held significant power and influence over many aspects of society in Europe. The Church was the dominant religious institution, with a strong hierarchy led by the Pope in Rome. It controlled religious practices, education, and even had a say in political matters. The Church also collected tithes and sold indulgences, which were seen as a way to reduce punishment for sins. However, there were also criticisms of the Church's practices, such as corruption among clergy members, the selling of indulgences, and the lack of access to religious texts for the common people. These criticisms eventually led to the Reformation, a movement that sought to reform the Catholic Church and ultimately resulted in the establishment of Protestantism as a separate branch of Christianity.
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