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Metals
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Fundamentals of Radiation Materials Science : Metals and Alloys
The revised second edition of this established text offers readers a significantly expanded introduction to the effects of radiation on metals and alloys. It describes the various processes that occur when energetic particles strike a solid, inducing changes to the physical and mechanical properties of the material. Specifically it covers particle interaction with the metals and alloys used in nuclear reactor cores and hence subject to intense radiation fields.It describes the basics of particle-atom interaction for a range of particle types, the amount and spatial extent of the resulting radiation damage, the physical effects of irradiation and the changes in mechanical behavior of irradiated metals and alloys. Updated throughout, some major enhancements for the new edition include improved treatment of low- and intermediate-energy elastic collisions and stopping power, expanded sections on molecular dynamics and kinetic Monte Carlo methodologies describing collision cascade evolution, new treatment of the multi-frequency model of diffusion, numerous examples of RIS in austenitic and ferritic-martensitic alloys, expanded treatment of in-cascade defect clustering, cluster evolution, and cluster mobility, new discussion of void behavior near grain boundaries, a new section on ion beam assisted deposition, and reorganization of hardening, creep and fracture of irradiated materials (Chaps 12-14) to provide a smoother and more integrated transition between the topics. The book also contains two new chapters. Chapter 15 focuses on the fundamentals of corrosion and stress corrosion cracking, covering forms of corrosion, corrosion thermodynamics, corrosion kinetics, polarization theory, passivity, crevice corrosion, and stress corrosion cracking. Chapter 16 extends this treatment and considers the effects of irradiation on corrosion and environmentally assisted corrosion, including the effects of irradiation on water chemistry and the mechanisms of irradiation-induced stress corrosion cracking.The book maintains the previous style, concepts are developed systematically and quantitatively, supported by worked examples, references for further reading and end-of-chapter problem sets.Aimed primarily at students of materials sciences and nuclear engineering, the book will also provide a valuable resource for academic and industrial research professionals. Reviews of the first edition:"…nomenclature, problems and separate bibliography at the end of each chapter allow to the reader to reach a straightforward understanding of the subject, part by part. … this book is very pleasant to read, well documented and can be seen as a very good introduction to the effects of irradiation on matter, or as a good references compilation for experimented readers." - Pauly Nicolas, Physicalia Magazine, Vol. 30 (1), 2008“The text provides enough fundamental material to explain the science and theory behind radiation effects in solids, but is also written at a high enough level to be useful for professional scientists.Its organization suits a graduate level materials or nuclear science course… the text was written by a noted expert and active researcher in the field of radiation effects in metals, the selection and organization of the material is excellent… may well become a necessary reference for graduate students and researchers in radiation materials science.” - L.M.Dougherty, 07/11/2008, JOM, the Member Journal of The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society.
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Antimicrobial and Antiviral Materials : Polymers, Metals, Ceramics, and Applications
Emerging microbial and viral infections are a serious challenge to health, safety, and economics around the world.Antimicrobial and antiviral technologies are needed to disrupt the progression and replication of bacteria and viruses and to counter their rapidly evolving resistance.This book discusses recent developments in materials science and engineering in combating infectious diseases and explores advances in antimicrobial and antiviral materials, including polymers, metals, and ceramics and their applications in the fight against pathogens.Features• Covers progress in biomimetic antimicrobial and antiviral materials and antimicrobial/antiviral bulk materials and coatings • Describes modern methods for disinfection of biomedical materials against microbial and viral infection resistance, especially for depressing novel coronavirus (COVID-19)• Details methods to improve material properties to have a longer service life in combating infection • Emphasizes chemical, physical, mechanical, tribological, and antimicrobial/antiviral properties • Offers current and future applications of emerging antimicrobial/antiviral technologies This book will be of interest to materials researchers and industry professionals focusing on antimicrobial and antiviral applications.
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Raman Scattering on Emerging Semiconductors and Oxides
Raman Scattering on Emerging Semiconductors and Oxides presents Raman scattering studies.It describes the key fundamental elements in applying Raman spectroscopies to various semiconductors and oxides without complicated and deep Raman theories. Across nine chapters, it covers:• SiC and IV-IV semiconductors,• III-GaN and nitride semiconductors,• III-V and II-VI semiconductors,• ZnO-based and GaO-based semiconducting oxides,• Graphene, ferroelectric oxides, and other emerging materials,• Wide-bandgap semiconductors of SiC, GaN, and ZnO, and• Ultra-wide gap semiconductors of AlN, Ga2O3, and graphene. Key achievements from the author and collaborators in the above fields are referred to and cited with typical Raman spectral graphs and analyses.Written for engineers, scientists, and academics, this comprehensive book will be fundamental for newcomers in Raman spectroscopy. Zhe Chuan Feng has had an impressive career spanning many years of important work in engineering and tech, including as a professor at the Graduate Institute of Photonics & Optoelectronics and Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei; establishing the Science Exploring Lab; joining Kennesaw State University as an adjunct professor, part-time; and at the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Southern Polytechnic College of Engineering and Engineering Technology.Currently, he is focusing on materials research for LED, III-nitrides, SiC, ZnO, other semiconductors/oxides, and nanostructures and has devoted time to materials research and growth of III-V and II-VI compounds, LED, III nitrides, SiC, ZnO, GaO, and other semiconductors/oxides. Professor Feng has also edited and published multiple review books in his field, alongside authoring scientific journal papers and conference/proceeding papers.He has organized symposiums and been an invited speaker at different international conferences and universities.He has also served as a guest editor for special journal issues.
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Which metals are ferrous metals?
Ferrous metals are metals that contain iron, such as steel and cast iron. These metals are known for their strength and durability, making them commonly used in construction, manufacturing, and automotive industries. Ferrous metals are also magnetic and have good conductivity, making them versatile for various applications.
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What are precious metals and base metals?
Precious metals are rare, naturally occurring metallic elements that have high economic value. Examples of precious metals include gold, silver, and platinum. These metals are often used in jewelry, investment, and industrial applications. On the other hand, base metals are more common metallic elements that are not as valuable as precious metals. Examples of base metals include copper, zinc, and nickel. These metals are widely used in construction, manufacturing, and electrical applications.
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Why are alkali metals called alkali metals?
Alkali metals are called alkali metals because they form alkaline solutions when they react with water. When alkali metals such as lithium, sodium, and potassium come into contact with water, they produce hydroxide ions, which make the solution alkaline. This property of forming alkaline solutions is the reason why they are called alkali metals.
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Why can base metals precipitate noble metals?
Base metals can precipitate noble metals through a process called cementation. This occurs because base metals have a higher reactivity compared to noble metals. When a base metal is in contact with a solution containing a noble metal ion, the base metal will oxidize and release electrons, causing the noble metal ion to be reduced and form a solid precipitate on the surface of the base metal. This allows for the separation and recovery of noble metals from a solution containing a mixture of different metals.
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Joining Metals
Joining metals is a fundamental process used in all aspects of modern life.It is vital wherever metals are used, which is just about everywhere.Small or large, simple or complex – no mode of transport or method of construction would be possible without the sound understanding of its theory and practice.Written for the home metalworker or model engineer, this book discusses the various methods of joining metals, including strength, testing and applications, and includes useful lessons from historical failures including the sinking of the Titanic, the Flixborough explosion, the capsize of the Alexander L.Keilland offshore platform, the Hyatt Hotel elevated walkway collapse and the Markham Colliery lift bolt failure.With over 100 diagrams and over 200 photographs, this book examines: Mechanical joining: bolting, riveting, clamping - Metallurgical joining: welding, brazing, soldering - Chemical joining: bonding difficult metals - Strength of joints: choice and analysis - Failure of metals and joints: stress, fatigue, corrosion - Design: use of theory and codes to avoid failure, and finally - Testing of metals and joints: destructive and non-destructive (NDT).
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Metals in Boats
Metals have been used in boats for thousands of years, as components of the vessel's construction, as load-bearing parts of the rigging and steering systems, and for a wide variety of domestic and service duties. Due to misunderstandings of the properties of the metals used, and in some cases to questionable design and manufacture, there have been spectacular and sometimes tragic failures of boats' metalworking. These continue even today. This new book explains in layman's terms how a wide variety of metal alloys may best be selected, formed and manufactured to give optimum performance in the typical conditions of a sailing or powered vessel. Subjects as wide-ranging as anodes, batteries, hulls, skin fittings and rigging components are described in detail, enabling the boat owner to select the preferred material for his vessel.
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Measuring & Marking Metals
Although much of model engineering work is a matter of making one part to fit another and thus may obviate the need for the sophisticated means of measuring often called for in production engineering, the accuracy of a finished job begins with the exactness of the initial making out and continues with the accuracy of measurements made during the progress of the work.How to use measuring equipment and how to mark out work - not always the simple matter it might at first seem - are essential skills for any engineer and the purpose of this book is to show how they may be acquired and employed.
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Applied Raman Spectroscopy : Concepts, Instrumentation, Chemometrics, and Life Science Applications
Applied Raman Spectroscopy: Concepts, Instrumentation, Chemometrics, and Life Science Applications synthesizes recent developments in the field, providing an updated overview.The book focuses on the modern concepts of Raman spectroscopy techniques, recent technological innovations, data analysis using chemometric methods, along with the latest examples of life science applications relevant in academia and industries.It will be beneficial to researchers from various branches of science and technology, and it will point them to modern techniques coupled with data analysis methods.In addition, it will help instruct new readers on Raman spectroscopy and hyphenated Raman spectroscopic techniques. The book is primarily written for analytical and physical chemistry students and researchers at a more advanced level who require a broad introductory overview of the applications of Raman spectroscopy, as well as those working in applied industry and clinical laboratories.Students, researchers, and industry workers in related fields, including X-ray and materials science, agriculture, botany, molecular biology and biotechnology, mineralogy, and environmental science will also find it very useful.
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Why are all elements of the transition metals metals?
All elements of the transition metals are metals because they share common characteristics such as being good conductors of heat and electricity, having high melting and boiling points, and being malleable and ductile. These properties are due to the presence of loosely held electrons in their outermost energy levels, which allows them to easily lose electrons and form positive ions. Transition metals also have a high density and luster, further contributing to their classification as metals.
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Can metals burn?
Yes, metals can burn under certain conditions. When exposed to high enough temperatures, some metals can react with oxygen in the air and undergo a process called combustion, resulting in the formation of metal oxides and the release of heat and light. For example, magnesium and titanium are known to burn in air when heated to high temperatures. However, not all metals are easily combustible, and the conditions required for them to burn vary depending on the specific metal.
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Why are metals like tungsten or brass not used as conductor materials?
Metals like tungsten or brass are not commonly used as conductor materials because they have higher resistivity compared to other metals like copper or aluminum. This means they are less efficient at conducting electricity and would result in higher energy losses. Additionally, tungsten and brass are more expensive and heavier than copper or aluminum, making them less practical for use in electrical wiring or other applications where weight and cost are important factors. Overall, copper and aluminum are preferred for their superior conductivity, cost-effectiveness, and lighter weight.
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What are the advantages and disadvantages of composite materials compared to metals?
Composite materials have several advantages over metals, such as being lighter in weight, stronger, and more resistant to corrosion. They also have the ability to be tailored for specific applications by varying the types and orientations of the reinforcing fibers. However, composite materials can be more expensive to manufacture and repair compared to metals. Additionally, they may not be as easily recycled as metals, leading to potential environmental concerns.
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